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Cambodia, especially Mondulkiri province, is rich in PGRFA. Local traditional crop varieties ( landraces) known to be under-utilized have not been completely replaced with improved varieties. Therefore, this province may still harbour primitive landraces and wild relatives of many different crops and other genetic resources that evolved in Cambodia. High genetic diversity of these crop plants in cultivated and wild related forms can be found abundantly in this region making it a biodiversity hotspot in Cambodia. However, the role of underutilized crops is often ignored or underestimated by crops researchers, planners and policy makers, donor agencies, public and private investors, extension services and economists.