Current trends of rubber plantation expansion may threaten biodiversity and livelihoods 2015

Although rubber is produced successfully in some marginal environment–as many hardy clones have been developed – there are also numerous reports of failures associated with environmental stress in sub-optimal or marginal environments ( Tables1 and 2 ; Fig. 3 ). Areas where severe environmental stresses threaten sustainability include the following: (1) areas with frequent typhoons (typhoon risk zone)